Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Law - Essay Example The problem in this question relates to offer, unilateral offer, invitation to treat, acceptance, rejection of offer and past consideration. These would be discussed in line with the facts and determination of conclusion of the issues would be made in accordance with that. The important aspect in respect of the question is that of the differentiation between an offer and invitation to treat. This has been drawn by the courts. Invitation to treat is an expression of willingness of one party to go into into negotiations with another party anticipating that a contract would be concluded at the end of such negotiations. Items on shop display and their prices are treated as an invitation to treat (Fisher v Bell). Advertisements are generally treated as invitation to treat (Harris v. Nickerson ). There are certain exceptions to this the reasoning based on intention and certainty. (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, a case on unilateral offer.)1. An offer on the other hand has been defined a s an unequivocal willingness by a party known as the offeror to enter into a contract on stated terms and provided that such terms would be accepted by the person to whom the offer is made (offeree) a contract would come into existence. Acceptance has been defined as the unconditional acquiesce to the terms that were laid down by the offeror. The important aspects of acceptance are that it should be unconditional and must be communicated to the. ( Holwell Securities v. Hughes2) . A number of exceptions have developed in respect of communication, one of them being the postal rule, whereby acceptance takes place as soon as a letter is posted. As far as instantaneous means of communication is concerned it can be said that the postal rule in Adams v. Lindsell3 of acceptance is not applicable and thus actual communication of acceptance needs to be done (Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v. Astarte Shipping Ltd4). As far as silence constituting to be acceptance is concerned, the courts h ave been consistent in their approach that silence would not constitute as acceptance and acceptance needs to be communicated or can occur by way of conduct. (Felthouse v. Bendley)5 . The advertisement that was placed cannot be classified as a unilateral offer as the facts do not show the requisite certainty and unconditional offer, thus it is evident that the advertisement is an invitation to treat. The discussion with Rose was merely an invitation to treat as there was hope of a contract being concluded and at no point can it be seen that an offer been made, so there can be no acceptance. In line with the discussion with Mary, the offer of Rose was made and communicated to Mary, however, the problem lies in the fact that even though there Mary responded and accepted the offer, it was never communicated to Rose and so in line with authorities on instantaneous communication it can be concluded that acceptance did not take place and so no action can be brought about by Rose. As far a s Matthew is concerned, the problem lies in the fact that it was conditional on the fact that Matthew would receive payment and therefore a conditional offer, or in other words it was not a conclusive offer which could be accepted. Applying the approach of courts in respect of silence and that it would not constitute to be acceptance; the actions of John cannot in any way create a binding contract. Furthermore, there has been no actions or conduct which show acceptance, on the contrary Mary destroyed the cheque which shows her intention of not being bound. The next issue is in respect of consideration, which is that it must generally be given after promise so as to make it enforceable. Thus a promise made after alleged consideration is complete is unenforceable (Re Mcardle)6. Thus past consideration is generally held not to be good consideration. However, the courts in Pao On v. Lau Yiu Long whereby Lord Scarman laid down the three condition which were to be satisfied if the excepti ons were to be relied upon, the first being that the act which was done

Making Projects Successful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making Projects Successful - Essay Example Additionally, the growth of a business demands that the essential transformations to business processes such as acquisitions and mergers, novel service as well as product lines, new branches, regulatory requirements, and latest IT systems should be determined and maintained more quickly. Thus, the IT decision-makers have to recognize and present the entire applicable information in a reliable format. They have to incorporate the complete information on the IT landscape (EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, 2004) & (Dodaro, 1998). In case of too long IT planning there is need to establish an exercise in number-crunching, as well shallow in its concern of the influence to the planning, forcing economical assessments that dont attain preferred outcomes. However, this could be done via a high-quality IT planning procedure. Additionally, for the business reliable decision-making it is essential to describe methodology, framework, or process. The IT planning for a business consists of the entire of the operations and activities that hold up dependable decision-making. To formulate quality decisions, the procedure should establish the correct questions and supply the information that is able to up hold the decision-making (EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, 2004) & (Dodaro, 1998). In scenario of IT planning metrics is a way of quantifying the individuality of things like that products and processes. Additionally, the metrics describes what is to be calculated, how it is calculated, the unit of assessment as well as the source of the data. However, a metrics has to incorporate the similar knowledge regarding IT planning to a number of controls data, for example, corporate historical data or benchmark. Additionally, the intelligent collection of data from a well-planned and continuing IT metrics plan will facilitate management to recognize which of their actions are performing well as well as

Supply Chain and Logistics in Fedex Research Paper

Supply Chain and Logistics in Fedex - Research Paper Example Shipping business, however, is a field of shift competition. The various means of shipment and the complexities involved in the process are highly challenging. It is further intricate, as the pricing strategy involves companies that guide price in one form of shipment such as ground and pursue in another form of shipment for instance international delivery. This study comprises different sections such as introduction, distribution system in FedEx, their strategies, process of time, cost, flexibility and quality assurance. The present process structure in terms of inventory, information, transportation, and Location, current structure, problems and weaknesses in the current process and how the method should be restructured to enlarge these capabilities etc have also been evaluated in the papers. Lastly it analyzes the implementation of the changes with company. Introduction: Supply Chain Management (SCM) entails a combination of processes, right from the arrival of raw materials at th e manufacture unit and ends when the finished commodities reach the hands of the users. FedEx is a supply chain management company that offers fastest courier services all over the world on a daily basis. â€Å"FedEx Corporation (FedEx), incorporated on October 2, 1997, is a holding company. The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. The Company operates in four segments: FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Services† (FedEx Corp (FDX.N), n.d., para. 1). Logistic Management (LM) is the one of the main functions within SCM, which assists to arrange, carry out and coordinate forward and reverse run, storage space for goods, service and associated data from the start to the end point. The necessity for... The intention of this study is Supply Chain Management (SCM). It entails a combination of processes, right from the arrival of raw materials at the manufacture unit and ends when the finished commodities reach the hands of the users. FedEx is a supply chain management company that offers fastest courier services all over the world on a daily basis. â€Å"FedEx Corporation (FedEx), incorporated on October 2, 1997, is a holding company. The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. The Company operates in four segments: FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Services†. Logistic Management (LM) is the one of the main functions within SCM, which assists to arrange, carry out and coordinate forward and reverse run, storage space for goods, service and associated data from the start to the end point. The necessity for qualified SCM practitioners is increasing in all areas of trade and commerce, consisting of producing commodities and service segments. SCM includes everything from the primary stage to the end stage. Various elements involved in a supply chain processes are: customers, planning, purchasing, transportation, inventory and manufacture departments etc within an organization. Supply chain should be planned, appropriately equipped and operated to be efficient. A perfect supply chain requires the exercise of systematic and scientific utilization of resources. Supply chain management is the dynamic supervision of the supply chain actions with a view to extract full advantage of resources, achieving of the consumer standards and accomplishing competitive benefits.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Law - Essay Example The problem in this question relates to offer, unilateral offer, invitation to treat, acceptance, rejection of offer and past consideration. These would be discussed in line with the facts and determination of conclusion of the issues would be made in accordance with that. The important aspect in respect of the question is that of the differentiation between an offer and invitation to treat. This has been drawn by the courts. Invitation to treat is an expression of willingness of one party to go into into negotiations with another party anticipating that a contract would be concluded at the end of such negotiations. Items on shop display and their prices are treated as an invitation to treat (Fisher v Bell). Advertisements are generally treated as invitation to treat (Harris v. Nickerson ). There are certain exceptions to this the reasoning based on intention and certainty. (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, a case on unilateral offer.)1. An offer on the other hand has been defined a s an unequivocal willingness by a party known as the offeror to enter into a contract on stated terms and provided that such terms would be accepted by the person to whom the offer is made (offeree) a contract would come into existence. Acceptance has been defined as the unconditional acquiesce to the terms that were laid down by the offeror. The important aspects of acceptance are that it should be unconditional and must be communicated to the. ( Holwell Securities v. Hughes2) . A number of exceptions have developed in respect of communication, one of them being the postal rule, whereby acceptance takes place as soon as a letter is posted. As far as instantaneous means of communication is concerned it can be said that the postal rule in Adams v. Lindsell3 of acceptance is not applicable and thus actual communication of acceptance needs to be done (Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v. Astarte Shipping Ltd4). As far as silence constituting to be acceptance is concerned, the courts h ave been consistent in their approach that silence would not constitute as acceptance and acceptance needs to be communicated or can occur by way of conduct. (Felthouse v. Bendley)5 . The advertisement that was placed cannot be classified as a unilateral offer as the facts do not show the requisite certainty and unconditional offer, thus it is evident that the advertisement is an invitation to treat. The discussion with Rose was merely an invitation to treat as there was hope of a contract being concluded and at no point can it be seen that an offer been made, so there can be no acceptance. In line with the discussion with Mary, the offer of Rose was made and communicated to Mary, however, the problem lies in the fact that even though there Mary responded and accepted the offer, it was never communicated to Rose and so in line with authorities on instantaneous communication it can be concluded that acceptance did not take place and so no action can be brought about by Rose. As far a s Matthew is concerned, the problem lies in the fact that it was conditional on the fact that Matthew would receive payment and therefore a conditional offer, or in other words it was not a conclusive offer which could be accepted. Applying the approach of courts in respect of silence and that it would not constitute to be acceptance; the actions of John cannot in any way create a binding contract. Furthermore, there has been no actions or conduct which show acceptance, on the contrary Mary destroyed the cheque which shows her intention of not being bound. The next issue is in respect of consideration, which is that it must generally be given after promise so as to make it enforceable. Thus a promise made after alleged consideration is complete is unenforceable (Re Mcardle)6. Thus past consideration is generally held not to be good consideration. However, the courts in Pao On v. Lau Yiu Long whereby Lord Scarman laid down the three condition which were to be satisfied if the excepti ons were to be relied upon, the first being that the act which was done

Supply Chain and Logistics in Fedex Research Paper

Supply Chain and Logistics in Fedex - Research Paper Example Shipping business, however, is a field of shift competition. The various means of shipment and the complexities involved in the process are highly challenging. It is further intricate, as the pricing strategy involves companies that guide price in one form of shipment such as ground and pursue in another form of shipment for instance international delivery. This study comprises different sections such as introduction, distribution system in FedEx, their strategies, process of time, cost, flexibility and quality assurance. The present process structure in terms of inventory, information, transportation, and Location, current structure, problems and weaknesses in the current process and how the method should be restructured to enlarge these capabilities etc have also been evaluated in the papers. Lastly it analyzes the implementation of the changes with company. Introduction: Supply Chain Management (SCM) entails a combination of processes, right from the arrival of raw materials at th e manufacture unit and ends when the finished commodities reach the hands of the users. FedEx is a supply chain management company that offers fastest courier services all over the world on a daily basis. â€Å"FedEx Corporation (FedEx), incorporated on October 2, 1997, is a holding company. The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. The Company operates in four segments: FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Services† (FedEx Corp (FDX.N), n.d., para. 1). Logistic Management (LM) is the one of the main functions within SCM, which assists to arrange, carry out and coordinate forward and reverse run, storage space for goods, service and associated data from the start to the end point. The necessity for... The intention of this study is Supply Chain Management (SCM). It entails a combination of processes, right from the arrival of raw materials at the manufacture unit and ends when the finished commodities reach the hands of the users. FedEx is a supply chain management company that offers fastest courier services all over the world on a daily basis. â€Å"FedEx Corporation (FedEx), incorporated on October 2, 1997, is a holding company. The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. The Company operates in four segments: FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Services†. Logistic Management (LM) is the one of the main functions within SCM, which assists to arrange, carry out and coordinate forward and reverse run, storage space for goods, service and associated data from the start to the end point. The necessity for qualified SCM practitioners is increasing in all areas of trade and commerce, consisting of producing commodities and service segments. SCM includes everything from the primary stage to the end stage. Various elements involved in a supply chain processes are: customers, planning, purchasing, transportation, inventory and manufacture departments etc within an organization. Supply chain should be planned, appropriately equipped and operated to be efficient. A perfect supply chain requires the exercise of systematic and scientific utilization of resources. Supply chain management is the dynamic supervision of the supply chain actions with a view to extract full advantage of resources, achieving of the consumer standards and accomplishing competitive benefits.

The Simpsons as a typical sitcom Essay Example for Free

The Simpsons as a typical sitcom Essay Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. The Simpsons confirm to some stereotypical sitcom genre stereotypes, but ultimately subvert them by proving to dysfunctional. A sitcom is a 30 minutes programme, which contains humour and different types of comedy. In this essay, I will evaluate the extant to which the episodes The Simpsons roasting on an open fire Sitcoms of the past showed the ideal family; always nuclear a mum, dad and kids. The dad was respected and it had a bread winner mum-housewife cooks and cleans with two kids, the son is mostly the clever one and the daughter follows in the footsteps on her mother. E.g. leave it to beaver and the Cosby show. Sitcoms are popular because they relate to real people, take the Simpsons as an example, Homer can relate to people that an unorganised an lazy people; Marge is a representation, responsible, hardworking housewife; in Lisa we can relate to nerdy person and through Bart can relate to people that are not very clever and like skate boarding and rock music. The Simpsons opening scene starts with the title effect which Christmas snow effect with jungle bells and at the start of the scene there are late to a special Christmas concert where they arrive there children will be singing and when they arrive we know that the parents are tired and Homer drives fast and hits the car at this opening scene is called The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire which we know that there will be trouble. It follows the traditional structure of sitcoms. It has an orientation when the family prepare for Christmas and it is going to be expensive which is the beginning of the story; a complication produces problems, which makes the audience laughs when Homer doesnt Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. A sitcom is another word for situation comedy for example, Leave It to Beaver which was the first US sitcom in the 1950s. A sitcom is usually about a family consisting of dad, mum and two children. This is called a nuclear family. The situation or setting that the story takes place in is their home. Sitcoms are shown on TV and usually lasts for half an hour. It is a comedy and you can usually hear a live studio audience in the background. In the past, sitcoms always showed happy conventional white families who were always perfect. Dad was always the breadwinner and had a highly respectable job and the mother was always very attractive and happy to stay looking after the home and children. In Leave it to Beaver the son was a high achiever like the father and the daughter wanted to be a homemaker like mum. Sitcoms have changed over time because today mothers may now have careers and dads have to have respect for their wives just as they have respect for themselves. These days family problems are not hidden and people want to see realistic life-like situations in sitcoms. However although sitcoms started to show other families like a black family in The Cosby Show, they were still upper middle class. The Simpsons was the first sitcom to really show problems faced by working class families. Sitcoms are popular because all ages can watch it for fun and enjoyment; charaters of all ages provide someone for everyone to identify with. The Simpsons are even more popular because as an animation they can also have other celebrity characters such a Barry White and Michael Jacson. The Simpsons episode Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire had an opening sequence where the title came up through snowflakes and jingly music. We hear Marge speaking to Homer saying Oh slow down Homer! which shows she is worried. Homers response, We dont have time to slow down were late makes us think that he is stubborn, wanting things his way and that he doesnt think too much about the safety of his wife and baby. This opening sequence immediately lets us see that this family is not perfect but realistic. We can see from this episode that The Simpsons does follow the traditional narrative structure. The audience gets orientation from not only the opening sequence but also the next couple of scenes where they were at the school Christmas performance, putting up Christmas lights and the children asking for expensive difficult presents. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses.

Supply Chain Management: Boeing And Airbus

Supply Chain Management: Boeing And Airbus I would like to mention a subject relating to aviation industry, especially in leasing aircraft sector. The most important task in this sector is how to order, purchase and lease back aircraft to airlines. But to implement this task, we should know in detail how the aircraft assembly process under the control of aircraft manufacture is. In Vietnam, the aviation market has a great development with the air traffic increasing year by year. In order to meet the high demand, Vietnamese airliners have to add more aircraft to their fleet. They not only purchase aircraft by itself, but also need to lease from aircraft lessors. So that, aircraft lessors have to support airlines to develop their fleet. Beside, leasing aircraft sector is the new one in Vietnam aviation industry. With this purpose, this final paper will provide an overview of the supply chain management practices by Airbus and Boeing in their new products as Airbus A350 XWB (Extra Wide Body) and Boeing B787 Dreamliners and how the both aircraft manufactures apply lean process management. Understanding this process, aircraft lessors will make a suitable decision to purchase aircrafts. On this occasion, I would like to thanks my partners in Boeing Commercial Airplane and Airbus SAS for providing necessary internal documents for reference. I also thanks my colleague in aircraft technical section in my company, Vietnam Aircraft Leasing Company, and technical staff from Vietnam Airlines Corporation for supporting during the data collection. 2. Research Goals and Approach: 2.1 Goals: In this final paper, I would like to provide the some overview for understanding the emerging of supply chain management strategies in the commercial aviation industry. It also shows the longer-term implications of the supply chain management in the aviation industry in the future. 2.2 Approach: To implement a comparative analysis of supply chain management applied by Boeing and Airbus and their lean process management. To focus on two new large development programs in commercial aviation (Boeing 787 Dreamliners and Airbus A350 XWB). To concentrate on the common set of suppliers supporting both programs to develop a sharp compare and contrast perspective, looking at Boeing Airbus from the vantage point of these common suppliers. 3. Literature review: The extensive literature showing that lean supply chain management practices represent a critical source of sustained competitive advantage and containing some factors as following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supplier network architecture linked to companys vision strategy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Early supplier integration into design and development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Visibility and transparency through open communications. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Long-term, trust-based, mutually-beneficial relationships. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuous supplier development process improvement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ New supplier network architectures represent a defining feature of emerging new business models for managing complexity, uncertainty and competition in a globalized market environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access to investment capital, new markets and new sources of innovation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greater outsourcing, strategic alliances partnerships, delegation of greater responsibilities to suppliers to minimize risk and transaction costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internet-enabled information technologies and systems radically redefining supplier integration via improved information visibility and information-sharing efficiency gains. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Machine-to-machine data communication system integration globally. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unprecedented visibility, transparency and accuracy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greater flexibility in interconnecting different systems, facilitating both bilateral and multilateral collaboration. 4. Research Design: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To develop baseline data about the individual supplier companies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To gauge whether and the extent to which they are employing lean practices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To assess the extent to which the two large customer companies are practicing lean principles in their engagement with the suppliers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To document the extent to which the two large customer companies have proactively required the suppliers to adopt lean practices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To develop more deeply into specific topical areas (e.g., role in design development, information/communication links, contract design). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To probe how exactly the two customer companies manage their relationships with these specific suppliers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Open source information to ensure external validity generalizability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ About the two companies their supply chain management practices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ About the two specific programs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ About the common suppliers. 5. Boeing 787 Program: 5.1 Overview: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Launch Year in 2002 in order to responding to the overwhelming preference of airlines around the world, Boeing Commercial Airplanes new airplane is the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a super-efficient airplane. An international team of top aerospace companies is developing the airplane, led by Boeing at its Everett, Washington facility near Seattle. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Represents Boeings response to expected demand for an aircraft that would cost less to own, operate and maintain. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Targeted at the middle of the market segment the rapid, direct, point-to-point connections aviation market segment, with capacity of 250 passengers. Unparalleled Performance At the first stage of the program, Boeing tent to launch 03 type of aircraft: 787-3, 787-8, 787-9 but up to now, there are 02 main versions. The 787-8 Dreamliner will carry 210 250 passengers on routes of 7,650 to 8,200 nautical miles (14,200 to 15,200 kilometers), while the 787-9 Dreamliner will carry 250 290 passengers on routes of 8,000 to 8,500 nautical miles (14,800 to 15,750 kilometers). In addition to bringing big-jet ranges to mid-size airplanes, the 787 will provide airlines with unmatched fuel efficiency, resulting in exceptional environmental performance. The airplane will use 20 percent less fuel for comparable missions than todays similarly sized airplane. It will also travel at speeds similar to todays fastest wide bodies, Mach 0.85. Airlines will enjoy more cargo revenue capacity. Passengers will also see improvements with the new airplane, from an interior environment with higher humidity to increased comfort and convenience. Advanced Technology The key to this exceptional performance is a suite of new technologies being developed by Boeing and its international technology development team. 50 percent of the primary structure including the fuselage and wing on the 787 will be made of composite materials. An open architecture will be at the heart of the 787s systems, which will be more simplified than todays airplanes and offer increased functionality. For example, the team is looking at incorporating health-monitoring systems that will allow the airplane to self-monitor and report maintenance requirements to ground-based computer systems. General Electric and Rolls-Royce are the two engine manufacture to develop engines for the new airplane. It is expected that advances in engine technology will contribute as much as 8 percent of the increased efficiency of the new airplane, representing a nearly two-generation jump in technology for the middle of the market. Another improvement in efficiency will come in the way the airplane is designed and built. New technologies and processes are in development to help Boeing and its supplier partners achieve unprecedented levels of performance at every phase of the program. For example, by manufacturing a one-piece fuselage section, we are eliminating 1,500 aluminum sheets and 40,000 50,000 fasteners. Continuing Progress The Boeing board of directors granted authority to offer the airplane for sale in late 2003. Program launch occurred in April 2004 with a record order from All-Nippon Airways. Since that time, 56 customers from six continents of the world have placed orders for 847 airplanes valued at $147 billion, making this the most successful launch of a new commercial airplane in Boeings history. The 787 program opened its final assembly plant in Everett in May 2007. First flight of the 787 Dreamliner occurred in Dec. 2009. The program has signed on more than 40 of the worlds most capable top-tier supplier partners and together finalized the airplanes configuration in September 2005. Boeing has been working with its top tier suppliers since the early detailed design phase of the program and all are connected virtually at 135 sites around the world. Eleven partners from around the world completed facility construction for a total of three million additional square feet to create their major structures and bring the next new airplane to market. 5.2. Specification Model B787-8 B787-9 Engine GEnext or Rolls Royce Trent 1000 GEnext or Rolls Royce Trent 1000 Range 7,650 to 8,200 nautical miles (14,200 to 15,200 kilometers) 8,000 to 8,500 nautical miles (14,800 to 15,750 kilometers) Seat 210 to 250 passengers 250 to 290 passengers Configuration Twin aisle Twin aisle Cross Section 226 inches (574 centimeters) 226 inches (574 centimeters) Wing Span 197 feet (60 meters) 197 feet (60 meters) Length 186 feet (57 meters) 206 feet (63 meters) Height 56 feet (17 meters) 56 feet (17 meters) Cruise Speed Mach 0.85 Mach 0.85 Total Cargo Volume 4,400 cubic feet 5,400 cubic feet Max Takeoff Weight 502,500 lbs (227,930 kilograms) 545,000 lbs (247,208 kg) Program milestones: Authority to offer: late 2003 Program launch: April 2004 Assembly start: 2006 First roll-out ceremony: July 2007 First flight: December 2009 First delivery: Mid Q1/2011 (estimated) 5.3. Program Fact Sheet: The 787 Program covers many areas of interest, from the market, customers, and airplane technology to manufacturing enhancements and an extensive partner team, among others. Here are some interesting facts and figures on a number of these topic areas: Market size: 3,310 units over 20 years (Boeing Market Forecast 2009-2028) Firm orders by customer (up to October 2010 at www.boeing.com) Model Series Orders Deliveries Total B787-8 629 629 B787-9 218 218 B787 Total 847 847 B787 vs. B777 on composites and aluminum (by weight): B787 B777 50 % composites 12 % composites 20 % aluminum 50 % aluminum Material breakout on B787: Composites: 50% Aluminum: 20% Titanium: 15% Steel: 10% Other: 5% Better designe: More fuel efficient: 20 % more fuel efficient than similarly sized airplanes Produces fewer emissions: 20 % fewer than similarly sized airplanes Better cash seat mile costs than peer airplanes: 10 % Better maintenance costs: 30% Generators: Four at 250 kVA (two per engine) Two at 225 kVA (on auxiliary power unit) Hydraulic power: Distributed at: 5,000 pounds per square inch on the 787 3,000 pounds per square inch standard Advantage of the new electric architecture: Extracts as much as 35 percent less power from the engines than traditional pneumatic systems on todays airplanes. US and non-US content on the 787: Roughly 70 percent US Roughly 30 percent non-US. The number of new city pairs the 787 will connect: At least 450 Other special features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Represents large step towards all-electric-airplane, one in which all systems are run by electricity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Driven by the belief that power electronics, key to the all-electric airplane, are on a steep curve of performance cost improvement, while pneumatic systems growth has tapped out around 1995. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The traditional bleed air and hydraulic power are replaced with electrically powered compressors and pumps. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cabin pressurized by electric motors, not by bleed air used by almost every pressurized aircraft. An open architecture centralized computer hosts the avionics and utility functions, rather than dozens of individual buses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Anti-icing of the wing to be done with electric heat instead of bleed air. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Composites: resist long-term wear and tear, because cracks do not propagate from holes as in aluminum; inspections are made easier; maintenance intervals stretched to 1000 hrs (compared with 500 hrs for 767 or 700 hrs for A330 the two most prominent aircraft 787 aims to replace). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Much more savvy focus on flexible financing arrangements, plus closer attention to passenger comfort, fuel burn and life cycle costs. 6. Airbus A350 XWB Program: 6.1. Overview: Aimed at compete with B787 from Boeing, Airbus has decided to build A350 XWB based on the technologies developed for A380. The Airbus A350 XWB is a long-range, mid-size, wide-body family of airliners currently under development by European aircraft manufacturer Airbus. The A350 will be the first Airbus with both fuselage and wing structures made primarily of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer. The A350 is designed to compete with the Boeing 777 and the Boeing 787. Airbus claims that it will be more fuel-efficient, with up to 8% lower operating cost than the Boeing 787. It is scheduled to enter into airline service during the second half of 2013. The launch customer for the Airbus A350 is Qatar Airways. Development costs are projected to be US$15 billion. Airbus utilises next-generation manufacturing and assembly techniques to make the A350 XWB a more efficient and reliable aircraft. The A350 XWB is equipped with an advanced cockpit and onboard systems optimised for robustness and simplicity, while its advanced wing design makes this aircraft faster and quieter. The A350 XWBs onboard systems are designed for maximum reliability, operability and simplicity. The advanced wing design of the A350 XWB will make it a faster, quieter and more efficient aircraft. Airbus utilises new techniques to optimise the A350 XWBs weight, maintenance and operating costs. The A350 XWBs cockpit features the latest in display technology and integrated modular avionics. 6.2. Specification: Aircraft Dimensions Overall length 198 ft.7.5 in. 219 ft. 5.5 in. 242 ft. 4.7 in. Height 55 ft. 11.3 in. 55 ft. 11.3 in. 55 ft. 11.3 in. Fuselage diameter 19 ft. 58 in. (horiz) 19 ft. 58 in. (horiz) 19 ft. 6 in. (horiz) Wingspan (geometric) 212 ft. 5 in. 212 ft. 5 in. 212 ft. 5 in. Wing area (reference) 4,740 ft2 4,767 ft2 4,767 ft2 Wing sweep (25% chord) 31.9 degrees 31.9 degrees 31.9 degrees Wheelbase 81 ft. 7 in. 94 ft. 1 in. 108 ft. 7 in. Wheel track 34 ft. 9 in. 34 ft. 9 in. 35 ft. 2 in. Basic Operation Data Engines 2 Rolls-Royce Trent XWB 2 Rolls-Royce Trent XWB 2 Rolls-Royce Trent XWB Engine thrust range 75,000 lb. slst. 84,000 lb. slst. 93,000 lb. slst. Typical passenger seating 270 (3-class) 314 (3-class) 350 (3-class) Range (w/max. passengers) 8,300 nm. 8,100 nm. 8,000 nm. Max. operating Mach number (Mmo) 0.89 Mo. 0.89 Mo. 0.89 Mo. Design Weights Maximum ramp weight 548.7 lbs. x 1000 592.8 lbs. x 1000 659.0 lbs. x 1000 Maximum takeoff weight 546.7 lbs. x 1000 590.8 lbs. x 1000 657.0 lbs. x 1000 Maximum landing weight 407.9 lbs. x 1000 451.9 lbs. x 1000 503.8 lbs. x 1000 Maximum zero fuel weight 382.5 lbs. x 1000 423.3 lbs. x 1000 470.6 lbs. x 1000 Maximum fuel capacity 34,082 US gal. 36,460 US gal. 41,215 US gal. Some Design Technical Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cockpit design follows same cockpit layout, characteristics and operating procedures as in the A320 and A330/A340 platforms, providing a number of advantages (e.g., in terms of crew training, crew transition, cross-crew qualification). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Also incorporates new features that benefit from innovation in technologies for displays, flight management navigation systems. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ First commercial airplane to adopt EHAs (electrohydrostatic actuators) flight control technologies, a step forward to the all-electric airplane. EHAs are electrically powered but use hydraulic pumps and reservoirs that transform electrical power into hydraulic power. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Advantages: large savings in terms of weight and space (e.g., reduction in the size of pipelines, actuators and other components, power generation equipment, tubing, amount of fluid required), as well as ease of installation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ First commercial aircraft capable of flying with total hydraulic failure, using electricity to operate the flight control surfaces. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extensive use of composite materials 25% (by weight), compared with 10% in A320 and 30% in A340-500/600. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use of carbon composites and advanced metallic hybrid materials, along with laser beam welding to eliminate fasteners, reduce weight and provide enhanced fatigue tolerance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Glare: highly resistant to fatigue, used in construction of panels for upper fuselage. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aluminum and fiberglass layers of Glare do not allow propagation of cracks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Glare lighter than conventional materials represents a weight saving of about 500kg. 6.3. Fact Sheet: Firm orders by customer: (up to October 2010 at www.airbus.com) Model Series Orders Deliveries Total A350-800 158 158 A350-900 340 340 A350-1000 75 75 A350 Total 573 573 A350 vs. B787 on material breakout (by weight) A350 B787 Composites: 53% Composites: 50% Aluminum: 19% Aluminum: 20% Titanium: 14% Titanium: 15% Steel: 6% Steel: 10% Other: 8% Other: 5% Airbus internal goal to freeze the design and expects: 10% lower airframe maintenance cost 14% lower empty seat weight than competing aircraft More fuel efficient: Up to 25 % more fuel efficient than similarly sized airplanes Produces fewer emissions: Up to 25% fewer than similarly sized airplanes Better cash seat mile costs than peer airplanes: 15% 7. Supply Chain Management Practices by Airbus and Boeing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supplier selection on both programs following a typical competitive bid process during initial plateau phase; selection on best-value basis. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Boeing retains unified list of pre-qualified suppliers/vendors (qualified parts list QPL; qualified vendor list QVL). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Airbus does not yet maintain such a unified list, but moving in same direction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Both have major suppliers participate early in design and development process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Both committed to long-term, mutually-beneficial, reliable and stable relationships with key suppliers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supplier partnerships typically limited to suppliers that continuously show excellence in performance, demonstrate credible long-term business interest, and back it up with their own development and investment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Life-of-program fixed-cost contracts, but with some differences. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Electronic links with suppliers via supplier portals (request for quote/proposal; order placement; technical data interchange, such as technical specifications, key characteristics, engineering drawings; exchanging documents; facilitating virtual collaboration with global partnering suppliers in a 3D design software environment). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) initiatives: Both Boeing and Airbus have expanded the application of RFID tags for both the B787 and A350 programs; they have worked together to reach for consensus regarding standards for using global RFID technology on commercial airplanes). 8. Major suppliers responsibility is greater: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Important strategic shifts in supply chain management, driven by pressing need to reduce cost and spread development costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Both have asked major suppliers in B787 and A350 to absorb non-recurring costs, thus greatly shifting costs and risks to suppliers, but using somewhat different approaches. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Suppliers delegated much more responsibility for design, development and manufacturing through closer collaboration, partnerships and integration across supplier networks. Boeing 787: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Boeing has gone the extra distance with the 787 program retains only about 33%-35% of the total 787 work share à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Deliberate effort to reduce parts count to enable snap three-day assembly of the 787 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Suppliers moving up the value chain assuming more of a system integrator role, providing more integrated components and managing their own sub-tier suppliers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This is the first time Boeing has outsourced the entire wing design and manufacturing to external suppliers (risk-sharing partners Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd.: center wing box; Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.: main wing fixed trailing edge; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.: wing box) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This is the first time Boeing applied lean manufacturing process in B787 program to improve absence management while merging its short and long-term disability program administration with leave-of-absence offering. Airbus A350: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Airbus, as a multinational consortium prior to July 2001, had already adopted a strategic partnership model with well-defined work-share arrangements. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Airbus has increased its outsourcing in the A350 program, but has still kept in-house core technologies, such as composite technology and wing design. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Airbus also applied lean process technique by getting advice from Porsche (a German car manufacture) in order to reduce production time and avoid delay as happened in A380 program. 9. Worldwide Outsourcing: Both Airbus and Boeing have increased their global outsourcing in Japan, China, India, Middle East, Eastern Europe and Russia (estimated in the future). Why the two aircraft manufacture select these region because of the strong economic growth as well as fast-growing air travel particularly in Asia/Pacific region. Large Asian and Middle Eastern carriers as Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Vietnam Airlines now are the major customers. The variety of offset arrangements have opened up new market opportunities, tied to increased sourcing (e.g., from China). Boeing strategy: long unparalleled dominance in Japanese market strong presence in China. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In Japan: 80% of orders from Japanese airlines from Boeing during last decade; Japanese suppliers (heavies) account for 35% of 787 work-shares. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In China: activities range from subcontracting, joint ventures, technical training and assistance for cooperative programs; visible support from Chinese suppliers (valued at $1.6 billion), supplying essential composite parts and structures for 787 programs. Airbus strategy: relative newcomer to Japan China. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In Japan: facing difficulties in winning orders from Japanese airlines, but has contracted work with Japanese suppliers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In China: sale activities in China jumped to 219 aircraft in 2005 from 56, overtaking Boeing by delivering 6 more aircraft; committed to doubling procurement from Chinese suppliers to $120 million/year by 2010; announced Tianjin will be site for Airbus first final assembly plant outside Europe. 10. The Emerging Unique Model: Boeing Model: The Boeing 787 experience represents a unique model for the future in supply chain management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In essence, the Boeing model is about optimizing the total business, not just the supply chain in the traditional sense. Supply chain architecture as an integral part of the entire program extended enterprise architecture. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Main emphasis is on optimizing portfolio of core competencies in entire value stream for mutual benefit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lifecycle value creation perspective, not short-term waste elimination or cost minimization for Boeing itself. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Boeing has adopted a bold new innovative system integrator role. This represents a revolutionary departure from the past. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Boeing has asked all suppliers to carry all of the non-recurring costs; in return, gives back to risk-sharing partnering suppliers the intellectual property rights on the components or systems they provide. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contracts are so designed that if the aircraft does well in the marketplace, the risk-sharing partners derive direct benefits and major partnering suppliers can make design trades within each work package and across company units to find optimal system solutions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lower-tier suppliers are not provided IP ownership but are given long-term relationships, where they can benefit from scale economies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Boeing only provides high-level interface definition; the first-tier (major partnering suppliers) is responsible for the detailed interface definitions designs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Suppliers work together and Boeing acts as referee in case of conflicts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Web-enabled information technologies systems a critical enabler. Airbus model: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Airbus is reported to have established risk-sharing partnerships with more than 30 of its major suppliers covering $3.1 billion or 25% of total program non-recurring costs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ These suppliers include Alenia, Eurocopter, Fokker, Gamesa, Labinal, Saab). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ However, this needs closer scrutiny, to see what it actually means. Airbus also continues to exercise control over all system and detail engineering interface definitions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Airbus suppliers work in parallel (bilaterally with Airbus), with limited lateral communications among them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unlike Boeing, Airbus has no strong partners for major risk-sharing activities or as contributors to development spending. However, Airbus is currently pursuing new partnering arrangements under its Airbus Power competitiveness Industrial Plan. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Plan proposes radical cost-cutting rationalization measures (cutting 10,000 jobs, closing down or selling specific sites, rearranging workshare allocation). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Investment partners being sought for the Extended Enterprise sites (Nordenham, Germany; Meaulte, France; Filton, UK). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As part of the plan, supplier relationships would also change (Airbus wants partners to commit to long-term cost reductions). Airbus also reducing its supplier base from 3,000 down to 5,000. 11. Conclusion: Aerospace supply chain management will continue to evolve from a transactional or relational business model to one involving risk-sharing and cost-sharing prime-supplier partnerships, alliances closely-knit collaborative relationships. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Where primes (system-integrators) will likely to move closer to a total system integrator lifecycle value provider role. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Major suppliers to assume greater system-integrator role, with greater responsibility for design, development, manufacturing, and after-market lifecycle support. Suppliers, in general, moving from short-term service providers to long-term partners. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global outsourcing considered as aerospace supply chains and is likely to be a lot more quite internationalized in the future. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adoption of information technologies enabling network-wide connectivity right down to lower tiers an imperative in the future for coordinating complex set of interdependencies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continued consolidation likely in aerospace supplier base to build greater specialization broader system integration skills, and stronger financial backbone to make the necessary investments to enhance core capabilities.